Neurogenetics: Precision Medicine-Based Approaches to Neurological Disorders with an Emphasis on Addressing Alzheimer’s Disease and Schizophrenia

Abstract

There exist over 600 neurological conditions, each characterized by unique pathologies tailored to individual patients. Over the past two decades, advances in biotechnology have propelled the field of neurogenetics forward. This progress has illuminated therapeutic targets and methodologies tailored to the specific needs of each patient. Current treatment options primarily encompass therapies and conventional medications like cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease and antipsychotics for schizophrenia. However, these treatments often address symptoms or general targets rather than the precise underlying causes. Precision medicine has emerged as a promising approach in both animal and human clinical trials. Examples include the identification of specific genetic variations linked to Alzheimer's risk and progression, as well as the application of multigenic pharmacogenomics-guided therapies for schizophrenia patients. This review paper delves into the role of precision medicine in neurogenetics, focusing on neural stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), genetic profiling, and pharmacogenetics within the contexts of Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. By evaluating current achievements alongside existing challenges, this paper underscores precision medicine as a pivotal strategy for effectively targeting neurological disorders.